Pelanggaran Berat Humaniter Dalam Konflik Perang dan Intervensi Asing. Studi Kasus Invasi Soviet di Afghanistan 1979-1989
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Invasi Soviet ke Afghanistan pada 1979–1989 merupakan salah satu konflik bersenjata paling destruktif pada masa Perang Dingin dan menimbulkan dampak kemanusiaan yang sangat besar bagi penduduk sipil Afghanistan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bentuk-bentuk pelanggaran berat Hukum Humaniter Internasional yang terjadi selama konflik, faktor-faktor yang mendorong terjadinya pelanggaran, serta implikasi hukumnya sebagai kejahatan perang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus analitis kualitatif melalui penelaahan laporan kemanusiaan, literatur akademik, serta instrumen hukum internasional yang relevan, terutama Konvensi Jenewa 1949 dan Protokol Tambahan 1977. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa pasukan Soviet dan rezim Afghanistan yang didukungnya melakukan berbagai pelanggaran serius, seperti serangan tidak diskriminatif, pembunuhan sewenang-wenang, penggunaan ranjau anti-personel secara luas, serta penghancuran objek sipil berupa rumah, masjid, sekolah, lahan pertanian, dan fasilitas kesehatan. Tindakan tersebut melanggar prinsip pembedaan, proporsionalitas, kehati-hatian, dan perlindungan warga sipil dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Pembahasan juga menunjukkan bahwa doktrin militer Soviet, sifat konflik asimetris, dan lemahnya mekanisme akuntabilitas internasional menyebabkan terjadinya impunitas. Kesimpulannya, invasi Soviet ke Afghanistan memperlihatkan bagaimana kepentingan geopolitik dapat melemahkan prinsip kemanusiaan dan perlindungan warga sipil. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan membandingkan kasus ini dengan konflik bersenjata kontemporer untuk memperkuat kajian pertanggungjawaban hukum internasional.
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