Contact Investigation Among Household Contacts of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Medan
Downloads
Household contacts of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis patients potential to develop latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or active tuberculosis (TB) infection. This research aims to determine the prevalence of LTBI and Pulmonary TB and the characteristic of household contact with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients. This is a descriptive analytical study using a cross-sectional approach in people aged > 18 years who have household contact with DR-TB patients whom confirmed by sputum GeneXpert and treated at Adam Malik Hospital Medan. The research subjects then underwent examinations including symptom anamnesis, chest X-ray, sputum GeneXpert, and IGRA blood test From 105 people who had household contact with DR-TB patients, the most common cases found were LTBI cases (55%), followed by uninfected cases (40%). Meanwhile, the only cases of Pulmonary TB found were Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary TB were 6 cases (5%) which are bacteriologically confirmed drug-Sensitive TB was 4 cases and clinically confirmed drug-sensitive TB was 2 cases. Majority of patients were in 18-30 year old group (30.5%), female (70%), high school graduates (61%), housewives (41%), normoweight (80%), no smoking habit (78%), no consuming alcohol (97%), and no comorbid diseases (87.5%). Based on contact duration, 70 people (67%) were found with > 5 hours and 35 patients (33%) with < 5 hours. In addition, the majority of samples (70%) did not sleep in the same room with MDR-TB patients. LTBI cases were the most common cases found among household contact with DR-TB patients.
Chang, V., Ling, R. H., Velen, K., & Fox, G. J. (2021). Latent tuberculosis infection among contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New South Wales, Australia. ERJ Open Research, 7(3), 00149–02021. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00149-2021
Coussens, A. K., Zaidi, S. M. A., Allwood, B. W., Dewan, P. K., Gray, G., Kohli, M., Kredo, T., Marais, B. J., Marks, G. B., Martinez, L., Ruhwald, M., Scriba, T. J., Seddon, J. A., Tisile, P., Warner, D. F., Wilkinson, R. J., Esmail, H., Houben, R. M. G. J., Alland, D., … Yi, S. (2024). Classification of early tuberculosis states to guide research for improved care and prevention: An international Delphi consensus exercise. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 12(6), 484–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00028-6
Cox, S. E., Edwards, T., Faguer, B. N., Ferrer, J. P., Suzuki, S. J., Koh, M., Ferdous, F., Saludar, N. R., Garfin, A.-M. C. G., Castro, M. C., & Solon, J. A. (2021). Patterns of non-communicable comorbidities at start of tuberculosis treatment in three regions of the Philippines: The St-ATT cohort. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(11), e0000011. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000011
Fahdhienie, F., Mudatsir, M., Abidin, T. F., & Nurjannah, N. (2024). Risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis in Indonesia: A case-control study in a high disease prevalence region. Narra J, 4(2), e943. https://doi.org/10.52225/narra.v4i2.943
Fox, G. J., Barry, S. E., Britton, W. J., & Marks, G. B. (2013). Contact investigation for tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 41(1), 140–156. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00070812
Ghanaie, R. M., Karimi, A., Azimi, L., James, S., Nasehi, M., Mishkar, A. P., Sheikhi, M., Fallah, F., Tabatabaei, S. R., & Hoseini-Alfatemi, S. M. (2021). Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among pediatric household contacts of Iranian tuberculosis cases using tuberculin skin test, IFN- ? release assay and IFN-?-induced protein-10. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02524-3
Gong, W., & Wu, X. (2021). Differential Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Active Tuberculosis: A Key to a Successful Tuberculosis Control Strategy. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 745592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.745592
Imtiaz, S., Shield, K. D., Roerecke, M., Samokhvalov, A. V., Lönnroth, K., & Rehm, J. (2017). Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for tuberculosis: Meta-analyses and burden of disease. European Respiratory Journal, 50(1), 1700216. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00216-2017
Karbito, K. (2023). Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Infeksi TB Laten pada Anggota Keluarga Kontak Serumah dengan Pasien TB Aktif. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, 22(3), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkli.22.3.351-358
Krishnamoorthy, Y., Ezhumalai, K., Murali, S., Rajaa, S., Jose, M., Sathishkumar, A., Soundappan, G., Horsburgh, C., Hochberg, N., Johnson, W. E., Knudsen, S., Salgame, P., Ellner, J., Prakash Babu, S., & Sarkar, S. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors associated with latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in South India. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26(12), 1645–1651. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13693
Lee, M.R., Ho, C.M., Lee, C.H., Lee, M.C., Chang, L.Y., Yu, K.L., et al. (2017). Tuberculosis contact investigation in an intermediate burden setting: implications from a large tuberculosis contact cohort in Taiwan. European Respiratory Journal, 50(2), 1700851.
Lönnroth, K., Williams, B. G., Stadlin, S., Jaramillo, E., & Dye, C. (2008). Alcohol use as a risk factor for tuberculosis – a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 289. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-289
Mwaba, P., Chakaya, J.M., Petersen, E., Wejse, C., Zumla, A., Kapata, N. (2020). Advancing new diagnostic tests for latent tuberculosis infection due to multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis — End of the road?. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92, S69–71.
Nababan, B., Triasih, R., Chan, G., Dwihardiani, B., Hidayat, A., Dewi, S. C., Unwanah, L., Mustofa, A., & Du Cros, P. (2024). The Yield of Active Tuberculosis Disease and Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Tuberculosis Household Contacts Investigated Using Chest X-ray in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 9(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020034
Nindrea, R. D., Susanti, R., Indika, P. M., Maisa, B. A., Sukma, M., Rosalina, L., Widya, A., Taufiqa, Z., Agustian, D. R., Fithria, R., Putri, N., Ningsih, D. A. W. S., Lubis, B. L. A., Mardiah, A., Ezeddin, M. O., Linda, N., Marisa, Y. T., Rahmi, A. S., Sari, A. P., … Amsal, M. F. (2024). Modifiable And Non-Modifiable Risk Factors For Tuberculosis Among Adults In Indonesia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 18(2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.21010/Ajidv18i2.3
Odera, S., Mureithi, M., Aballa, A., Onyango, N., Anzala, O., & Oyugi, J. (2020). Latent tuberculosis among household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Nairobi, Kenya. Pan African Medical Journal, 37. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.37.87.21102
Otero, L., Battaglioli, T., Ríos, J., De La Torre, Z., Trocones, N., Ordoñez, C., Seas, C., & Van Der Stuyft, P. (2020). Contact evaluation and isoniazid preventive therapy among close and household contacts of tuberculosis patients in Lima, Peru: An analysis of routine data. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13350
Reichler, M. R., Khan, A., Yuan, Y., Chen, B., McAuley, J., Mangura, B., Sterling, T. R., Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium Task Order 2 Team, Bakhtawar, I., LeDoux, C., McAuley, J., Beison, J., Fitzgerald, M., Naus, M., Nakajima, M., Schluger, N., Hirsch-Moverman, Y., Moran, J., Blumberg, H., … Luo, C. (2020). Duration of Exposure Among Close Contacts of Patients With Infectious Tuberculosis and Risk of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(7), 1627–1634. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1044
Seid, G., Alemu, A., Diriba, G., Hailu, M., Wondimu, A., Tadesse, M., Tadesse, G., H Mariam, S., & Gumi, B. (2025). Active tuberculosis in household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A multicenter study finding the ‘Missed One’ in Central Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 20(2), e0316903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316903
Sinaga, B.Y.M., Siregar J., Sormin, D.E., Sundari R. (2025). Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Household Contacts of Drug-sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients : A Cross-sectional Study from Medan, Indonesia. Acta Medica Philippina. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.10048
Seid, G., Alemu, A., Diriba, G., Zerihun, B., Tadesse, G., Mariam, S. H., & Gumi, B. (2025). Drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in central Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 25(1), 806. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-11220-x
Velen, K., Nhung, N. V., Anh, N. T., Cuong, P. D., Hoa, N. B., Cuong, N. K., Dung, N. H., Sy, D. N., Britton, W. J., Marks, G. B., & Fox, G. J. (2021). Risk Factors for Tuberculosis (TB) Among Household Contacts of Patients With Smear-Positive TB in 8 Provinces of Vietnam: A Nested Case-Control Study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(9), e3358–e3364. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1742
Wada, P. Y., Costa, A. G., Araújo-Pereira, M., Barreto-Duarte, B., Souza, A. B., Rocha, M. S., Figueiredo, M. C., Turner, M. M., Rolla, V. C., Kritski, A. L., Cordeiro-Santos, M., Andrade, B. B., Sterling, T. R., & Rebeiro, P. F. (2022). Possible sex difference in latent tuberculosis infection risk among close tuberculosis contacts. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 122, 685–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.031
Wang, H., Dai, H., He, J., Lyu, X., Zhang, X., & Li, T. (2022). Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with pneumoconiosis based on its social determinants and risk factors in China: A cross-sectional study from 27 provinces. Chinese Medical Journal, 135(24), 2984–2997. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000002486
Yassin, M. A., Yirdaw, K. D., Datiko, D. G., Cuevas, L. E., & Yassin, M. A. (2020). Yield of household contact investigation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 737. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08879-z
Zaidi, S. M. A., Coussens, A. K., Seddon, J. A., Kredo, T., Warner, D., Houben, R. M. G. J., & Esmail, H. (2023). Beyond latent and active tuberculosis: A scoping review of conceptual frameworks. eClinicalMedicine, 66, 102332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102332
Copyright (c) 2025 Handan Rizky, Bintang Yinke Magdalena Sinaga, Parluhutan Siagian, Taufik Ashar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC-BY-SA). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
