Indonesian Printing Journal (JII)
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doi: 10.58344/jii.v4i3.6381 1168
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN ISLAM AND THE
THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE MODERN ERA
Rokibullah
Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung, Indonesia
rokibullah06@gmail.com
Keywords
Abstract
social change, Islam,
social change theory,
modernization,
globalization
Social change in modern times is inevitable, resulting in
increasingly complex global problems, such as economic
inequality, climate change, and political and other tensions, which
prompts the need for a new understanding of how social change
can be achieved. In Islamic teachings, a Muslim is required to
integrate religious values in facing the challenges of social change
in today's digital and global era, because Islam has its own
perspective and approach to dealing with social change. The
purpose of this research is to explore the contribution of Islam in
responding to contemporary social challenges, with a focus on the
values of justice, welfare, and brotherhood. The method used is a
qualitative descriptive analytical approach with a comparative
literature study to compare the concept of social change in Islam
and modern theories such as modernization and conflict. The
results of the study show that social change in Islam does not only
involve structural dimensions but also moral and spiritual, which
begins with individual changes (tazkiyah) which then affect
society (islah). In contrast, modern theories emphasize external
changes due to economic, political, and technological factors. This
research provides insight that these two perspectives complement
each other, with Muslim societies integrating technology and
modernization without abandoning religious principles. The
conclusion of this study is that the ideal social change must
combine the two to create a society that is not only economically
advanced, but also just and prosperous socially and morally.
Corresponding Author: Rokibullah
Email: rokibullah06@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Social change is an inevitable phenomenon in every society in the world. In the global
context, these changes not only occur naturally, but are also influenced by various complex
factors such as technological developments, politics, economics, and cultural dynamics that
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continue to evolve (Nurlela et al., 2024). In an increasingly connected world, social change
can now happen very quickly and have far-reaching impacts. This process of change requires
us to understand how societies adapt to new challenges, as well as how the concept of social
change is understood in various traditions of thought, including in the perspective of religion
and modern social theories.
Islam, as the religion with the second largest number of followers in the world, has its
own view of social change. In Islamic teachings, social change is often seen as part of God's
destiny that governs the course of mankind (Apriliani et al., 2024). However, Islam also
emphasizes the importance of human efforts to contribute to creating positive change through
the application of the values of justice, equality, and welfare. The understanding of social
change in Islam is not only limited to theory, but is also manifested in the practice of daily life
related to social, economic, and political interactions (Hapsah et al., 2024).
On the other hand, the theory of social change in the modern social world has developed
rapidly along with the ideas that have emerged from social scientists. These theories seek to
explain how certain factors can affect the social and cultural structure of society. One of the
prominent theories is the theory of modernization which sees change as a linear process
towards better development. In addition, there are also conflict theories that view change as a
result of tensions between social classes, as well as structural theories of functionalism that see
change as an adjustment in a social system to achieve equilibrium (Hidir & Malik, 2024;
Maliki, 2018).
The various global events that have occurred in this modern era also provide a real
picture of the social changes that are taking place. One of them was the Arab Spring
phenomenon that occurred in the early 2010s, which showed how social and political change
could occur quickly through popular movements that wanted a change in the system of
government that was more democratic (Abushouk, 2016). The movement shows that although
these countries have strong religious roots, modern social and political factors have created
conditions that trigger major changes. A similar phenomenon is also seen in the MeToo
movement which involves resistance to gender inequality in various countries. These social
changes are not only triggered by economic or political factors, but also by the social values
that develop in society (Ansar et al., 2024).
Technological developments and globalization also affect social dynamics around the
world. For example, rapidly increasing digitalization affects many aspects of social and
economic life, including in Muslim-majority developing countries (Anderiyansyah et al.,
2024). Indonesia, for example, despite having a majority Muslim population, has also
undergone significant social transformation in the areas of digital economy and information
technology. This requires a deeper understanding of how these social changes can be addressed
by communities in the context of their local religious, cultural, and traditional. In addition,
global social change can also be seen in environmental issues that increasingly dominate the
international agenda, such as climate change and sustainability (Permatasari & Putra, 2024).
These issues affect not only developed countries, but also developing countries, including in
the Islamic world. The issue of climate change, for example, has invited debate about the role
of religion in encouraging people to be responsible for the earth. Some Islamic organizations,
such as The Islamic Declaration on Global Climate Change, have proposed concepts of social
change based on religious teachings to solve the problem of climate change.
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Social change in Muslim societies is often influenced by deep religious understanding,
but it is inseparable from increasingly complex global challenges (Sakdiyah et al., 2024). In
this context, the main issue that needs to be addressed is how the understanding of the concept
of social change in Islam interacts with the modern theories of social change developed in the
Western world. On the one hand, Islamic teachings provide profound moral and ethical
guidance for better social change, but on the other hand, modern social theories often ignore
the role of local religion and culture in understanding such change (Rustandi, 2020). This raises
questions about the extent to which such theories can be applied in the context of Muslim
societies that have strong social structures and religious values.
In addition, the development of globalization and technology in the modern era
demands faster social change and often leads to the transformation of traditional values
(Polnaya et al., 2023). Issues such as gender inequality, poverty, and climate change have
created tensions between the traditional social values held by Islamic societies and the
demands of modernity (Abdullah, 2020). This phenomenon demands a more in-depth study of
how the concepts of social change in Islam can provide alternative solutions to global
problems, while adapting to the ever-evolving modern social dynamics.
The urgency of this research lies in the profound need to understand how the concept
of social change in Islam can play a role in responding to increasingly complex global
challenges, especially related to technological developments, social change, and globalization.
Despite the development of many modern social theories, it is often the role of religion in
shaping social change in Muslim-majority countries that have not received enough attention.
Therefore, this research is important to bridge these gaps and provide a new perspective in
looking at the relationship between religion and social change theory in the modern era.
The Theory of Modernization, put forward by thinkers such as Walt Rostow and Talcott
Parsons, provides the view that social change is a linear process towards progress and
development (Badruddin et al., 2024). This theory assesses that society develops through
certain stages towards a more modern and rational society. This research will examine whether
modernization theories that focus on economic and technological development can be applied
in Muslim societies that prioritize religious values in every aspect of their lives, as well as
whether these developments can be aligned with Islamic principles of sustainable social
change. In addition, the Theory of Social Change in Islam is also very relevant for this research.
The Islamic perspective on social change emphasizes the role of religious values in creating
just and sustainable social change. Social change in Islam is not only seen as God's destiny or
will, but also involves the active efforts of humanity to achieve it by prioritizing the principles
of justice, well-being, and balance (Duryat & Alphan, 2021). The teachings in the Qur'an and
Hadith encourage the ummah to improve themselves and their social environment and think
progressively in overcoming existing social problems. Therefore, this theory is very relevant
in understanding how Muslim societies can integrate Islamic values with the social changes
that are taking place in the context of globalization.
Some previous research relevant to this topic includes research by Miftahul Huda,
(2015) which examines the dynamics of social change in the context of Islam and democracy,
Farasi et al., (2023) which analyzes the role of religion in driving social change in Muslim
countries, as well as Pakarti et al., (2023) which discusses theories of social change and their
relevance to contemporary Muslim society. These studies provide an important basis, but not
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many have specifically compared the concept of social change in Islam with modern social
theories that are developing, especially in relation to global developments and technology.
The approach used in this study combines the concept of social change in Islam with
modern social change theories in the context of the digital era and globalization. This research
not only discusses existing theories, but also looks at how Islam contributes to creating more
just and balanced social change in the midst of global challenges. Focusing on contemporary
issues such as gender inequality, climate change, and the impact of digitalization is an added
value in this study. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparison between the concept
of social change in Islam and the theory of modern social change, as well as to explore how
both can be applied in dealing with social problems in the era of globalization. This research
also aims toprovide a deeper understanding of the role of religion in facing contemporary social
challenges. The benefits of this research are expected to make a theoretical contribution to the
study of social change, as well as practical for policymakers and society in designing social
change that is more inclusive and based on acceptable religious values in a global context.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a qualitative study with an analytical descriptive approach, which aims
to explore and analyze the concepts of social change in Islam and the theory of modern social
change through a literature review. This approach was chosen because the focus of the study
is to understand the existing theories and evolving concepts of social change in Islam and
compare them with modern theories of social change. The collected literature will be analyzed
to provide a deeper understanding of the relevance of these theories in facing increasingly
complex social challenges in the era of globalization.
The design of this research is a comparative literature study, which aims to compare
and analyze the concept of social change in Islam with the modern theories of social change
that are developing in the Western world. This study will focus on two main points, namely:
(1) The concept of social change in Islam, which includes the religious view of change and the
efforts of humanity to achieve it, and (2) Modern social change theories, such as modernization
theory, conflict theory, and structural theory of functionalism. In this study, the data collected
will be analyzed to see the similarities and differences between the two perspectives.
Data Collection Techniques
The data collected in this study uses several techniques, including:
1. Documentation Studies
Collect data from the literature that includes scientific books, journal articles,
research reports, and other documents relevant to the research topic. This research will
focus on sources that discuss the concept of social change in Islam and the theories of social
change developed by modern social scientists.
2. Literature Review
Sort, select and analyze from relevant literature on modern social change theories
and concepts of social change in Islam. This research will explore the key arguments and
theories that develop around this topic, by reviewing key sources that can provide in-depth
insights.
Data Analysis Techniques
In analyzing research data, the techniques used in this study include:
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1. Thematic Analysis
Data collected through documentation studies and literature reviews will be
analyzed using thematic analysis. In this technique, the main themes that emerge from the
collected literature will be identified, both from the concept of social change in Islam and
from modern theories of social change. Then, the researcher will compare and analyze the
similarities and differences between the two perspectives.
2. Content Analysis
To enrich the analysis, this research will utilize content analysis on various relevant
global events, such as the Arab Spring phenomenon, #MeToo movements, and other social
change issues. This analysis technique aims to explore the application of theories of social
change in the context of Muslim societies faced with the challenges of globalization and
modernity.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A Conceptual Comparison of Social Change in Islam and Modern Theory
1. The Concept of Social Change in Islam
Social change is a phenomenon that must occur in every society, including in
Muslim society. However, social change in Islamic views has a distinctive foundation,
which is different from the common view that exists in Western theories of social change.
Islam has a very deep and comprehensive perspective on social change, which does not
only include physical or structural aspects, but also includes moral, spiritual, and ethical
dimensions. In Islam, social change is part of God's destiny, but it is highly dependent on
the efforts and active role of individuals and communities in bringing it about (Syamsuddin
et al., 2016).
Philosophically, Islam views social change as part of God's destiny that is inevitable
and must be understood with wisdom (Scott, 2016). Change, in the Islamic view, does not
just happen by chance or without a clear direction. Islam teaches that social change is part
of the process of life that is regulated by God. Each individual and society is given the
ability to respond to these changes in a way that is consistent with religious principles.
In many verses of the Qur'an, Allah reminds mankind that everything in this world
is always changing. For example, Allah says in the Qur'an QS. Ar-Ra'd: 11 as follows:
Meaning: "Indeed, Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change the
condition of themselves." (QS. Ar-Ra'd: 11).
This verse underlines that social change is not something that comes without effort.
It is the result of the efforts of individuals and societies to improve themselves and improve
the existing social structure.
2. The Concept of Tazkiyah and Islah in Social Change
In Islam, social change does not only lead to physical or material change, but also
to transformation moral and spiritual. Concept Tazkiyah (purification of the soul) and islah
(improvement) play an important role in social change according to Islam. Tazkiyah is an
effort to cleanse oneself of bad qualities and replace them with praiseworthy qualities that
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are in accordance with religious teachings (Aisyah, 2023). It is a change that starts with the
individual and continues into society. An individual who has purified his soul will become
a better, more just, and more beneficial person to his society.
Islah, which means improvement, is an effort to improve all aspects of life, both in
terms of morality, social, economic, and political. In the social context, islah focuses on
the creation of a just, prosperous, and harmonious society. Islah in Islam does not only lead
to structural changes, but also includes changes in the mindset and values embraced by
society. Therefore, the concept of islah includes a more holistic improvement, involving
all dimensions of human life.
One of the basic principles underlying social change in Islam is justice. In Islam,
justice is the most fundamental values, both in the relationship between individuals and in
the relationship between the individual and the Society (Taqiyuddin, 2019). The success of
social change in Islam is highly dependent on the achievement of social justice. Allah
emphasizes the importance of justice in many verses of the Qur'an, one of which is QS.
An-Nisa: 58 following:
It means: "Indeed, Allah has commanded you to convey the mandate to its owner. When
you establish the law among men, you shall establish it justly. Indeed, Allah has given you
the best teaching." (QS. An-Nisa: 58).
Justice in Islam refers not only to formal law, but also to the equal distribution of
opportunities, the division of equitable resources, and equal treatment for all levels of
society, regardless of social, ethnic, or gender status. In the context of social change, social
justice in Islam must be reflected in various aspects of life, such as the distribution of
wealth, access to education, and the provision of basic services for all members of society
(Nurjanah, 2023). Social change in Islam must be able to overcome existing social
inequalities, and create a balance between material wealth and spiritual wealth, between
worldly and ukhrawi prosperity.
In addition to justice, two other important values that are the goals of social change
in Islam are welfare and brotherhood (Dayusman et al., 2023). Islam teaches that the
ultimate goal of any social change is the creation of a prosperous society, in which all
individuals get their rights fairly and live in happiness and tranquility. Welfare in Islam
does not only refer to material prosperity, but also includes spiritual well-being. Social
welfare in Islam means creating a society free from injustice, poverty, social tension, and
violence. This welfare will be achieved if the community can live in harmony and work
together to achieve the common goal, which is to improve the quality of life of individuals
and communities, both physically and spiritually. Brotherhood, or ukhuwah, is also an
important value in Islamic social change. Islam teaches that all human beings are brothers,
with the principle of brotherhood that crosses racial and ethnic boundaries, and the nation.
As stated in the Qur'an Q.S. Al-Hujurat: 11/49 as follows:
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Meaning: "Verily, the believers are brothers, so reconcile your two brothers (who are at
war) and fear Allah so that you may be blessed." (Q.S. Al-Hujurat: 11/49)
Brotherhood in Islam means that each individual is responsible for the welfare of
his fellow man. In the context of social change, this principle of brotherhood leads to strong
social solidarity, in which communities work together to achieve common prosperity and
reduce gaps between groups. Social change in Islam is not only seen as an external change
in the structure of society, but also as an internal change in the individual. Islam views that
social change begins with individual changes, which will then affect society as a whole.
This change is not something that happens instantly, but rather a long and continuous
process. Islam teaches that every individual has a responsibility to improve himself, and
through individual improvement, society will experience changes for the better.
The process of social change in Islam involves several important stages. The first
stage is self-awareness, where the individual becomes aware of the existence of injustices
or imbalances in society and seeks to correct them. The second stage is behavior change,
in which individuals not only realize but also act to create change, both within themselves
and in their society. The final stage is the application of Islamic values in daily life, which
includes principles such as justice, brotherhood, and welfare (Hasbullah & Ahid, 2022).
Although the concept of social change in Islam is very clear and directed, its
implementation in society often faces various challenges. One of the biggest challenges is
resistance to change, both from within the individual himself and from society as a whole.
Many people are reluctant to change their way of life, especially if the change goes against
their long-standing habits.
Another challenge is the social inequality that still occurs in many Muslim
communities. Economic, political, and social inequality is often an obstacle to just and
equitable change. Although Islam teaches the importance of a fair distribution of wealth,
the practice of economic injustice is frequent in various Muslim countries. Therefore, the
application of Islamic social change values requires hard work from all parties, both
individuals, society, and the state.
3. Modern Social Change Theory
Theories change The modern social sciences developed by Western social scientists
such as Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Talcott Parsons have a different view
of social change compared to Islam. Most modern theories see social change as the result
of external factors, such as economic, political, technological, or change in social structure
(Kasnawi & Asang, 2014)k.
a. History of Modernization Theory
The theory of modernization is one of the most influential theories of social
change in the study of the social sciences in the 20th century. This theory was put
forward by various thinkers such as Walt Rostow, Talcott Parsons, and Samuel
Huntington, who assessed social change as a linear process towards development and
progress. Modernization is seen as a series of stages that society goes through from a
traditional state to a more advanced and rational state, along with economic,
technological, and social developments.
Walt Rostow, in his famous work The Stages of Economic Growth (1990),
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arguing that society goes through five stages of economic development: traditional
society, pre-takeoff society, takeoff, towards maturity, and mass consumption society.
This theory focuses on economic development as a major driver of social change.
Meanwhile, Talcott Parsons, who is a major figure in structural functionalism, views
that social change is the result of the adaptation and adjustment of the social system to
achieve balance. Parsons argued that a more rationally advanced society would be more
effective in creating social and economic progress, as well as a more just and stable
system.
The history of modernization theory shows that at first it was heavily influenced
by Eurocentric views, which considered the development of Western countries as the
main model for developing countries. According to this view, modernization is
considered a universal process followed by all societies to achieve progress similar to
that achieved by Western countries. However, this theory has also been criticized,
especially from postcolonial thinkers and critical sociologists, who argue that
themodernization model cannot be applied in general, especially in countries with very
different social, cultural, and religious conditions.
b. Assumptions of Modernization Theory
The theory of modernization contains several basic assumptions that are the
basis for explaining process Social Change (Klinger & Klinger, 2019):
1) Change as a Linear Process: Modernization considers that social change is a linear
process and takes place gradually. Society moves from traditional conditions to
modern conditions through structured and predictable stages.
2) Economic Progress as a Key Driver: One of the key assumptions in modernization
theory is that economic progress is a major driver of social change. A thriving
economy will spark advances in the fields of technology, politics, education, and
culture.
3) Unification of the Process of Change: This theory assumes that all societies will
follow the same path to modernization, regardless of the cultural, religious, or
historical differences of that society.
4) Rationalization and Institutionalization: This theory also assumes that
modernization will create a more rational and organized system, with more efficient
and democratic institutions.
c. The Relevance of Modernization Theory
In the context of this research, modernization theory is relevant to analyze how
social change can occur in a Muslim society that prioritizes religious values. This study
aims to test whether modernization theories that focus on economic and technological
development can be applied in Muslim societies that have a different social and cultural
structure from the Western model. For example, Muslim countries often have strong
religious values that can act as a barrier or even a driver in the modernization process.
Muslim societies have a different approach to social change compared to more
secular societies. Islam emphasizes that social change must be based on religious values
that prioritize justice, welfare, and balance. Therefore, there needs to be a more flexible
approach in applying modernization theory, which takes into account the existence of
religious values that are inherentin the social structure of Muslim society. In this
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context, this study will examine the extent to which modernization theory can be
adapted and integrated with Islamic values in the process of sustainable social change.
d. Theory of Social Change in Islam
In contrast to modernization theories that prioritize economic and technological
aspects, The theory of social change in Islam emphasizes more on religious and ethical
values in realizing just and sustainable change. Islam views social change not only as
a result of external factors, but also as an active effort by individuals and society to
achieve better change by putting forward the moral and ethical principles that exist in
Islamic teachings (Rivaldy et al., 2024). One of the important concepts in Islam related
to social change is Islah (improvement) which aims to improve the condition of
individuals and society, by prioritizing the principles of social justice, equality, and
common welfare.
Social change in Islam begins with individual changes, which will then affect
the social structure (Dianto, 2019). In the Islamic view, every individual has a
responsibility to improve himself (Tazkiyah), in order to contribute to creating positive
changes for society. By improving the morals and ethics of individuals, society as a
whole will be better. In this regard, Islam emphasizes the importance of changes that
are not only structural or material, but also moral and spiritual.
The theory of social change in Islam is particularly relevant to this research, as it
provides a moral and spiritual foundation in facing the challenges of globalization and
modernization. This research aims to explore how Muslim societies can integrate Islamic
values with modern theories of social change in the context of increasingly complex
globalization. Muslim society, despite being faced with economic and technological
developments, must still uphold religious principles in implementing social change.
Therefore, this study will examine how Muslim societies can utilize technology and
economic progress to achieve social change that is not only materially developed, but also
in accordance with the religious values that exist in Islam.
4. Similarities between the Concept of Social Change in Islam and Modern Theory
In discussing the similarities between the concept of social change in Islam and the
theory of modern social change, this study will explore a number of points of similarity
that underlie the two views on social change. Although they come from different
backgrounds, namely Islam as a religious-based view of life and modern social change
theories that are more secular and scientifically based, both share a view on the importance
of change that leads to the improvement of society.
a. The Imperative for Positive Change: Both in Islam and modern theories of social
change, there is a consensus that social change should lead to improvement or progress.
In Islam, social change aims to improve the quality of life of mankind in accordance
with religious principles. Likewise, in modern theories such as modernization theory,
social change is considered to be a process that leads to progress in various aspects of
life, including economics, technology, and social structures.
b. Internal and External Factors: Although Islam places more emphasis on internal (moral
and spiritual) change, and modern theories focus more on structural or external changes
(such as economic and political), both perspectives recognize that social change
involves the interaction between internal and external factors. In Islam, individual
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changes affect social changes, while in modern theories, changing social structures can
affect individual values and behaviors.
c. The Role of the Individual in Change: In both views, the individual has an important
role to play in driving social change. In Islam, social change begins with individual
changes which then contribute to societal changes. Likewise, in modern social change
theory, individuals are considered agents of change who can influence social
development through their actions, either directly or through participation in social
movements or political change.
5. Difference between the Concept of Social Change in Islam and Modern Theory
In discussing the differences between the concept of social change in Islam and
modern theories of social change, this study aims to explore and analyze the fundamental
differences in the way the two views view and manage social change. Although both focus
on change in society, they have different approaches to understanding the source, purpose,
and process of such change.
a. Views on the Source of Change: In Islam, social change is seen as part of God's destiny
that must be understood and accepted wisely. Human beings are given the freedom to
try to create good change, but by prioritizing high religious and moral values. In
contrast, in modernization theory or conflict theory, social change is more seen as the
result of external factors such as economic developments, technology, or conflicts
between social groups that have different powers. Changes in these theories are more
mechanistic and materialistic, where change is often thought of as a result of structural
pressures in society.
b. Goal of Social Change: In Islam, the goal of social change is to achieve social justice,
well-being, and balance in accordance with religious teachings. Change is not only seen
as a structural shift or economic development, but also as a moral and spiritual
improvement that improves man's relationship with God and others. On the other hand,
modern theories, such as modernization and conflict theories, place more emphasis on
material goals, such as economic progress or changes in the distribution of power,
without paying much attention to moral or spiritual aspects.
c. Process of Change: In Islam, social change is not considered a linear or automatic
process. Although there is a principle that humanity should strive to improve itself,
social change in Islam is more evolutionary, gradual, and grounded in religious
principles. In contrast, in modern theories, such as modernization theory, social change
is often seen as a gradual and linear process towards a more advanced and rational form
of society, without much consideration of the underlying religious or moral values of
that society.
Theoretical Analysis of the Values and Principles of Social Change in an Islamic
Perspective
In the Islamic perspective, social change is not only understood as a phenomenon that
occurs naturally in life society, but also as a process that has a strong foundation of values and
principles (Ali, 2020)a. Islam as a holistic system of life has set guidelines for humans in
carrying out their social life, including in facing and directing social change.
One of the main values underlying social change in Islam is monotheism, which is the
belief that only Allah has absolute power over all things. Tawhid is the basis for understanding
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that all changes must be in line with His will and teachings. In Surah Ar-Ra'd verse 11, Allah
says:
It means: "Surely Allah will not change the condition of a people until they change their own
condition." (Q.S. ar-Ra'd: 11).
This verse emphasizes that social change must begin with changes in the individual and
society itself. Social reform will not happen if individuals in society do not have the awareness
to improve themselves and their environment.
In addition to monotheism, the value of justice (al-adl) is also the main principle in
Islamic social change. Islam teaches that every aspect of life, including the social aspect, must
be based on justice. Justice is not only in the legal aspect, but also in economic distribution,
social policy, and interaction between individuals. Allah says in Surah An-Nahl verse 90:
Meaning: "Indeed, Allah commands (you) to be just and to do good and to give to the relatives,
and He forbids evil deeds, iniquity, and enmity." (Q.S. an-Nahl: 90)
This verse emphasizes the importance of justice as the main principle in building a
harmonious and prosperous society.
Islam also emphasizes the value of deliberation (shura) in social change. The concept
of deliberation ensures that every individual in society has the opportunity to contribute to the
decision-making process. In Surah Ash-Shura verse 38, Allah says:
"And for those who accept the call of their Lord and establish prayer, their affairs are decided
by deliberation among them, and they give a portion of the sustenance that We have given
them." (Q.S. as-Shura: 38)
This verse shows that in achieving sustainable social change, every decision must be
based on consultation and mutual agreement.
The principles of freedom and responsibility are also an important part of the concept
of social change in Islam. Islam does not restrict individual freedom of thought and action, as
long as such freedom does not conflict with Islamic moral values and law. In Surah Al-Baqarah
verse 256, Allah affirms:
Meaning: "There is no compulsion in the religion (of Islam), in fact it is clear the right path
from the wrong path." (Q.S. al-Baqarah:256)
This verse shows that Islam provides freedom for human beings to choose, but remains
within the corridor of moral and social responsibility.
Social change in Islam must also be oriented towards the common good (Maslahah)
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Journal of Indonesian Impressions (JII) Vol. 4, No. 3, March 2025 1179
(Bukhaari, 2017). Islam emphasizes that any change that occurs must bring benefits to many
people, not just to certain groups. The concept of maslahah is in line with Maqashid Syariah
(the purpose of sharia), which is to protect religion, soul, intellect, descendants, and property.
Social changes that do not consider the welfare aspect will lead to injustice and imbalance in
society.
In addition, Islam also emphasizes the importance of science in encouraging social
change. In Surah Al-Mujadilah verse 11, Allah says:
It means: "Allah will surely raise up the believers among you and those who are given
knowledge of some degrees. Allah is Careful about what you do." (Q.S. al-Mujadilah: 11).
This shows that Islam encourages its people to seek knowledge and use that knowledge
to bring about better changes in society. In the implementation of the values and principles of
social change in Islam, the Prophet PBUH became the main example. He carried out a huge
social transformation in Arab society which at that time was still filled with the practice of
jahiliyah. The Prophet built a just society, abolished the caste system, upheld women's rights,
and created a more harmonious and just social order. All changes made by the Prophet are
always based on Islamic values, namely monotheism, justice, deliberation, responsible
freedom, and the public good.
In the contemporary context, social change based on Islamic values has become very
relevant in answering the challenges of the times. Globalization, technological developments,
and socio-political dynamics require Muslim societies to continue to adapt and make changes
that remain based on Islamic principles. Concept ijtihad (critical thinking in Islam) has become
one of the main instruments in ensuring that social change remains in accordance with Islamic
values without losing its relevance to the times (Hidayat et al., 2024; La Harris et al., 2024;
MR & Erliyanto, 2024).
Evaluation of the Driving Factors of Social Change in the Modern Era
Social change in the modern era is influenced by various factors, both internal and
external, that interact with each other to form social dynamics in contemporary society. In this
case, it will be explained the main factors that drive social change in the modern context, both
internal (originating from within society) and external (driven by external factors).
1. Internal Factors Influencing Social Change
a. Value and Lifestyle Changes
One of the most significant internal factors in social change in the modern era
is the change in values and lifestyles. Contemporary society is undergoing a shift in
values influenced by globalization, technological developments, and other social
changes (Bimas & West, 2023). In many countries, including Muslim-majority
countries, we are seeing a shift in traditional values being replaced by new values that
are more open to technological advancement, individual freedom, and pluralism. For
example, changes in gender roles are increasingly encouraging women to actively
participate in the world of work and education.
This change is also reflected in consumption patterns, where modern society
prefers digital-based and global-based consumption over local or traditional
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consumption. These changes in values affect various aspects of life, including family
relationships, work structures, and social organizations.
b. Changes in Family Structure and Social Relationships
The family structure that was previously more patriarchal is now starting to shift
towards a more egalitarian structure, where women and men have more equal roles. In
addition, traditional families consisting of extended families have also shifted to the
nuclear family, where interactions between family members tend to be more
individualistic and separate.
Social relationships in modern society are also undergoing a shift, with the
increase in the use of social media affecting interactions between individuals. Social
media accelerates the exchange of information and ideas, but it also creates greater
emotional distance between individuals, even though they are digitally connected.
c. Changes in Employment Patterns and the Economy
Changes in the world of work are also internal factors that affect social change.
In the modern era, there is a shift from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge
and information-based economy (Sasmita et al., 2023). This is changing employment
patterns, with more and more jobs being technology-based, leading to an increased
demand for digital skills.
On the other hand, phenomena such as freelance work or the increasingly
popular freelancers show a shift in the way people view work and financial security.
This work model leads to a new social dynamic where flexibility becomes more valued
compared to long-term job stability.
2. External Factors Influencing Social Change
a. Technology Advancement and Digital Innovation
Technology, especially in the field of information and communication, has had
a huge impact on social change in the modern era. The internet, social media, and digital
devices have changed the way people interact, work, learn, and access information.
Digitalization has broken down geographical boundaries, allowing people around the
world to connect and share information instantly.
In addition, technological advancements such as artificial intelligence (AI),
Internet of Things (IoT), and robotics, not only affect the economy, but also change
social dynamics. Jobs previously performed by humans are now largely replaced by
machines or algorithms, leading to new problems such as technological unemployment
and digital inequality between those who have access to technology and those who do
not.
b. Globalization and Intercultural Interaction
Globalization is one of the external factors that plays a major role in modern
social change. The process of globalization accelerates the exchange of goods, services,
information, and culture between different countries and regions. Globalization opens
up opportunities for developing countries to develop rapidly, but it also introduces new
challenges, such as dependence on global markets and widespread economic inequality.
One of the impacts of globalization is the adoption of foreign values and
cultures, which can affect local culture. In this context, the shift in cultural values has
become very real, with the rise of global pop culture influencing young generations
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around the world. In Muslim countries, for example, shifting social values related to
religious freedom, women's rights, and Western cultural influences are increasingly
being felt, leading to a conflict between modernity and tradition (Abdullah, 2020).
c. Political Changes and State Policies
Another external factor that influences social change is changes in political
policies and governance. A change in political leadership or a social revolution, such
as the one that occurred in the Arab Spring phenomenon, can create significant social
changes in a short period of time (Lubis, 2014; Rahma et al., 2024). Governments that
introduce more progressive policies, such as human rights and gender equality, can
accelerate social change by influencing norms and rules in society.
Government policies in the fields of education, health, and wealth distribution
also affect the social structure and relationships between individuals in society. For
example, policies that support access to education for all groups of people can improve
social mobility and reduce inequality.
3. Interaction between Internal and External Factors
Social change in the modern era is often the result of complex interactions between
internal and external factors (Ridwan & Maryati, 2024). Technological advances and
globalization are influenced not only by economic and political factors, but also by changes
in social and cultural values in society. For example, while technology can accelerate
access to information and increase economic opportunities, it also fuels digital inequality
and creates inequality of access among people.
In addition, internal factors such as changes in social values in society, especially
related to human rights and gender equality, can encourage a more progressive political
response from governments, which in turn affects social dynamics. On the other hand,
conservative or reactionary political policies can slow down social change or even hinder
the process.
Implications and Impacts of Social Change on Contemporary Society
The social changes that have occurred in contemporary society, both influenced by
Islamic values and modern theories, have had a significant impact on social structures and
dynamics. These social changes, although they have different roots, contributed to shaping a
new social order in the global society, including Muslim societies.
1. Social Change in Islamic Perspective
In the Islamic view, social change is seen as part of God's destiny that must be
actively responded to by humanity. Islam teaches that change is not only material or
structural, but also touches on moral and spiritual dimensions. This change begins with an
effort to improve oneself through the concepts of tazkiyah (purification of the soul) and
islah (improvement), which ultimately affect society as a whole. In this regard, justice,
welfare, and fraternity are the main values that direct social change in Islam.
The impact of this approach to Islamic social change is very visible in the structure
of Muslim societies that focus on social justice and common well-being. Islam promotes
equality in the distribution of resources, abolishes economic injustice, and fights for equal
rights for all levels of society, including women and minorities. This principle of justice
requires each individual to contribute to positive change, which leads not only to material
well-being, but also to spiritual and social well-being. However, the implementation of
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these values in society is often faced with challenges in the form of social inequality and
resistance to change.
2. Social Change in Modern Theory
Modern theories of social change, such as modernization theory, conflict theory,
and structural theory of functionalism, view social change as a process influenced by
external factors, such as economic development, technology, and conflicts between social
classes. In this view, social change is understood as a linear process that leads towards
progress and rationality, where economic factors are often considered the main drivers.
Modernization as a theory of social change assumes that society will move towards
a more advanced condition through structured stages. This theory, although it has been
criticized for focusing on the development of Western countries as a universal model, is
still influential in analyzing the social changes that occur in developing countries, including
in Muslim countries. On the other hand, conflict theory sees change as a result of tensions
and inequalities between social classes, which drive shifts in social structures to create new
balances.
The impact of this modernization theory in contemporary society can be seen in the
social transformation that is happening rapidly, especially those influenced by technology
and globalization. These changes encourage increased access to education, health, and the
economy, although it is not uncommon to cause disruption to traditional values and create
tensions between older generations and younger generations who are more open to
modernity.
3. The Interaction between Islamic Values and Modern Theory
In contemporary society, the social changes that occur are often the result of the
interaction between Islamic values and modern theories of social change. On the one hand,
Islam provides a strong moral guide on how society should transform towards common
prosperity and social justice. On the other hand, modern theories provide a more systematic
framework for understanding how economic, political, and technological changes can
affect social structures.
The impact of these interactions is especially noticeable in Muslim societies that are
increasingly adopting technology and modernization without neglecting religious values.
For example, the use of technology in the world of education and economics is becoming
more widespread, but it remains within a framework that prioritizes the principles of social
justice and Islamic morality. Despite the challenges associated with shifting traditional
values, many Muslim societies are finding ways to align Islamic principles with social
dynamics influenced by globalization and technology.
4. Implications of Social Change on the Structure and Dynamics of Society
Social changes inspired by Islamic values and modern theories affect the structure
of contemporary society in complex ways. On the one hand, we see a growing social gap
due to the unequal distribution of wealth and access to technology. On the other hand, there
are also social movements that lead to changes in the social structure, such as human rights
and gender equality movements, which are gaining increasing attention in many Muslim
countries.
This transformation has the potential to lead society towards a more inclusive and
equitable social order, where technology and economics are used to support social welfare.
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However, the biggest challenge is how to bridge the gap between traditional values and the
demands of modernity that are getting stronger. Therefore, ideal social change must be able
to combine these two perspectives to create a society that is not only economically
prosperous, but also socially and morally just and prosperous.
Thus, social change in contemporary society is influenced by Islamic values that
emphasize justice, welfare, and fraternity, as well as by modern theories that focus on economic
and technological advancement. These two perspectives complement each other, with Islam
providing a moral and ethical basis, while modern theory offers a systematic framework for
understanding change. Although the challenges of integration of both exist, ideal social change
requires a balance between religious principles and the demands of economic and technological
progress to create a just and prosperous society.
CONCLUSION
This study shows that social change in society, both from an Islamic perspective and
modern theories of social change, is influenced by a variety of complex internal and external
factors. In Islam, social change is not only related to physical or structural changes, but also
involves moral, spiritual, and ethical dimensions, with values such as justice, welfare, and
brotherhood being the main principles. The process of change begins with the individual
improving himself (tazkiyah) and continues to society as a whole (islah).
Meanwhile, modern social change theories, such as modernization theory and conflict
theory, see change as a result of external factors such as economic, political, and technological
developments. Although there are differences in approach and goals between the two, these
two perspectives emphasize the importance of change that leads to the betterment of society.
The interplay between Islamic values and modern theories creates complex social dynamics,
in which Muslim societies adopt technology and modernization while maintaining religious
principles. Ideal social change must be able to integrate these two perspectives to create a
society that is not only economically thriving, but also socially and morally just and prosperous.
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