Study on the Existence of the Shadow Terminal on the Pasir Hayam
Terminal Service
Deden Irawan1, Sri Hendarto2, Didin
Kusdian3
Universitas Sangga Buana, Indonesia
[email protected]1, [email protected]2, [email protected]3
|
Keywords |
Abstract |
|
Shadow Terminal, Pasir
Hayam Terminal, Comfort and security |
Many people are interested in using the shadow
terminal area on Jalan Raya Cibeber as a place to wait for public
transportation and an interaction point between modes and routes. The purpose
of this study is to evaluate the existence of shadow terminals around Pasir Hayam
Terminal, focusing on the factors that influence passenger preferences in
choosing shadow terminals compared to official terminals.� This research method uses a quantitative
approach, where Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) is used to evaluate public
transportation users' satisfaction with the performance of shadow terminals
and main terminals. In addition, the SWOT Analysis Method is used as a tool
to help structure the problem, especially in analyzing the strategic
environment, which consists of two aspects, namely the internal and external
environment. The results of calculations and analysis using the IPA method
show that comfort and convenience are the main factors that influence
passenger preferences in choosing the Shadow Terminal. Another significant
factor is the availability of clean and complete dining and toilet
facilities.� Through SWOT analysis,
Pasir Hayam Terminal is in quadrant 2 which indicates a diversification
strategy. In this strategy, the focus will be on optimizing the strengths of
the terminal, improving existing weaknesses, taking advantage of open
opportunities, and overcoming threats that may be faced. In addition, this
strategy includes efforts to increase the advantages of Pasir Hayam Terminal
over Terminal Bayangan and utilize the potential of Terminal Bayangan as a
strength. |
Corresponding Author: Deden Irawan
E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Pasir Hayam Terminal or more popularly known as Jebrod Terminal is one of the main terminals in the Cianjur area. It is located in Sirnagalih
Village, Cilaku District, Cianjur
Regency, West Java Province (Apriyanti, Ramdani, Kresnawati, &
Putri, 2024). The terminal has a strategic position as an
important transportation hub in the region, which aims to facilitate the
transfer of passengers between different modes of public transportation (Yatskiv & Budilovich, 2017).
Despite its strategic importance, Pasir Hayam Terminal has not been operating effectively, as
evidenced by its low utilization rate. The majority of public transport users
seem to have little interest in using the terminal services as a place to
change modes (Walker, 2024). This low utilization suggests that the terminal is
not fulfilling its potential role in the transport network (Rodrigue, 2020).
There are several factors that may contribute to this problem. One
possible reason is the lack of awareness or perception of the benefits of
terminals among the public (Kash & Hidalgo, 2014). There may also be issues related to connectivity and
integration of transportation modes that discourage users from using terminals
for transfers (Allard & Moura, 2016). In addition, operational inefficiencies or perceived
inconveniences in using the terminal can be a deterrent to potential users.
The function of Pasir Hayam
Terminal is not yet optimal due to its low utilization rate. In fact, this
terminal is equipped with adequate main and supporting facilities as the main
and supporting requirements for the existence of a type C passenger terminal (Czermański et al., 2021). These facilities include waiting rooms, ticket
counters, restrooms, and even commercial spaces designed to enhance the user
experience. Terminal infrastructure is designed to accommodate a large number
of passengers and provide the necessary services to ensure smooth and efficient
transfers.
Many people are very interested in using the
Jebrod shadow terminal area as a place to wait for public transportation and as
a point of interaction between modes and routes. The relationship between users
and public transport operators is essential for the creation of shadow
terminals (Heinrichs, Goletz, & Lenz, 2017). However,
the Jebrod shadow terminal also experienced problems that affected the Cibeber
highway. Usually there is a buildup of public transportation that is
disproportionate to the number of people using it at a certain time (Vuchic, 2017). This shadow
terminal is the choice of the public or public transport users because it is
considered simpler and more profitable in changing modes and routes (Daraio et al., 2016).
The existence of this shadow terminal is often
complained about because it causes traffic jams, the traffic jams that occur
are very significant where this road section is used as a pick-up/drop-off
place for passengers by public transport operators, resulting in quite a large
reduction in traffic (Sultana, 2015). on the
highway, causing traffic jams (Pandit & Sharma, 2022). With the
shadow terminal on the Cibeber highway, small kiosks and motorbike taxis have
appeared around the shadow terminal, disrupting road access, resulting in
traffic jams (Shahan Ahmed & Shah, 2021).
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the existence of shadow
terminals around Pasir Hayam
Terminal, focusing on the factors that influence passengers' preferences in
choosing shadow terminals over official terminals. This research also aims to
identify the strengths and weaknesses of Pasir Hayam Terminal as well as the opportunities and threats it
faces, in order to formulate a diversification strategy that can increase the
attractiveness and effectiveness of the official terminal.
The novelty of this study lies in its approach that combines Importance
Performance Analysis (IPA) and SWOT analysis to evaluate and compare the
performance of shadow terminals with official terminals. This study also
provides an in-depth insight into passenger behavior
and the factors that influence their decision in choosing a shadow terminal,
which has not been widely discussed in previous literature. In addition, this
study offers concrete strategic solutions to improve the service quality and
competitiveness of Pasir Hayam
Terminal, which can serve as a reference for terminal managers in other areas
facing similar problems.
RESEARCH
METHODS
Quantitative research methods, especially those
applied in this research quantitative approach, are considered as an integral
part of a series of systematic investigations of certain phenomena that involve
collecting data that will later be measured using statistical techniques. In
essence, this inferential research uses a quantitative approach and formulates
its conclusions based on the probability of rejecting an accurate hypothesis. The
significance of differences between groups or correlations between variables
studied is determined through quantitative methods.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
In order to
obtain the main data used as material for this research, a survey was conducted
by distributing questionnaires directly to respondents who were public
transport users at Bayangan Terminal and Pasir Hayam Terminal (Abenoza, Cats, & Susilo, 2017). This survey
was divided into two different locations, namely at Bayangan
Terminal and Pasir Hayam Official
Terminal. Analysis of the existence of this shadow terminal will be carried out
using the IPA method and the SWOT method (Doğantan, Stevıć, & Karamaşa,
2022)�� . The results of the survey regarding the
existence of the shadow terminal can be found in the following table.
Table 1 Survey Details
|
No |
Survey
Details |
Information |
|
1 |
Location
of survey data collection |
1.
Shadow Terminal 2.
Pasir Hayam Terminal |
|
2 |
Intended respondent |
Public
transport passengers who use services at shadow terminals and official
terminals. |
|
3 |
Number of
samples |
30 Respondents at Shadow Terminal 30
Respondents at Pasir Hayam Terminal |
|
4 |
Data
collection time |
Sunday 07.00 � 18.00 WIB Monday 07.00 � 18.00 WIB Friday
07.00 � 18.00 WIB |
|
5 |
Questionnaire |
There are 3 variables X1 = Physical form X2 = Reliability X3 =
Security |
Source: Analysis, 2024
Table 2 Shadow Terminal Satisfaction Level
|
No |
Indicator |
Average
Reality Attributes per Item |
Average
Expected Attributes per Item |
GAP
(Reality-Expectation) |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5
= 3 - 4) |
|
1 |
TK1.1 |
1.37 |
4.23 |
-2.87 |
|
2 |
TK1.2 |
1.50 |
4.53 |
-3.03 |
|
3 |
TK1.3 |
2.50 |
4.77 |
-2.27 |
|
4 |
TK1.4 |
3.03 |
4.43 |
-1.40 |
|
5 |
TK1.5 |
1.13 |
4.93 |
-3.80 |
|
6 |
TK2.1 |
2.90 |
4.93 |
-2.03 |
|
7 |
TK2.2 |
2.93 |
4.67 |
-1.73 |
|
8 |
TK2.3 |
3.30 |
4.67 |
-1.37 |
|
9 |
TK2.4 |
1.43 |
4.93 |
-3.50 |
|
10 |
TK2.5 |
1.13 |
4.87 |
-3.73 |
|
11 |
TK2.6 |
2.30 |
4.33 |
-2.03 |
|
12 |
TK2.7 |
1.13 |
4.33 |
-3.20 |
|
13 |
TK2.8 |
1.33 |
3.67 |
-2.33 |
|
14 |
TK2.9 |
1.33 |
1.40 |
-0.07 |
|
15 |
TK2.10 |
1.20 |
1.27 |
-0.07 |
|
16 |
TK3.1 |
1.63 |
4.37 |
-2.73 |
|
17 |
TK3.2 |
2.57 |
4.90 |
-2.33 |
|
18 |
TK3.3 |
2.50 |
4.57 |
-2.07 |
|
19 |
TK3.4 |
1.77 |
4.67 |
-2.90 |
|
20 |
TK3.5 |
2.60 |
4.83 |
-2.23 |
|
|
Amount |
39.60 |
85.30 |
|
Source;
Analysis, 2024
Looking at the
table above, it can be concluded that public transport users are dissatisfied
with the performance of the shadow terminal.
Figure 1 Shadow Terminal Cartesian
Diagram
Table 3 Satisfaction Level at Pasir
Hayam Terminal
|
No |
Indicator |
Average
Reality Attributes per Item |
Average
Expected Attributes per Item |
GAP
(Reality-Expectation) |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5
= 3 - 4) |
|
1 |
TK1.1 |
3.70 |
3.23 |
0.47 |
|
2 |
TK1.2 |
2.23 |
4.07 |
-1.83 |
|
3 |
TK1.3 |
1.90 |
4.60 |
-2.70 |
|
4 |
TK1.4 |
1.87 |
4.43 |
-2.57 |
|
5 |
TK1.5 |
2.07 |
4.23 |
-2.17 |
|
6 |
TK2.1 |
2.63 |
4.60 |
-1.97 |
|
7 |
TK2.2 |
2.60 |
4.27 |
-1.67 |
|
8 |
TK2.3 |
2.27 |
4.43 |
-2.17 |
|
9 |
TK2.4 |
1.60 |
4.80 |
-3.20 |
|
10 |
TK2.5 |
1.70 |
4.23 |
-2.53 |
|
11 |
TK2.6 |
2.57 |
3.23 |
-0.67 |
|
12 |
TK2.7 |
2.73 |
3.63 |
-0.90 |
|
13 |
TK2.8 |
2.53 |
2.80 |
-0.27 |
|
14 |
TK2.10 |
1.10 |
1.07 |
0.03 |
|
15 |
TK3.1 |
3.30 |
3.57 |
-0.27 |
|
16 |
TK3.2 |
3.13 |
4.87 |
-1.73 |
|
17 |
TK3.3 |
2.83 |
3.63 |
-0.80 |
|
18 |
TK3.4 |
2.83 |
3.70 |
-0.87 |
|
19 |
TK3.5 |
3.17 |
4.87 |
-1.70 |
|
|
Total |
46.77 |
74.27 |
|
Source;
Analysis, 2024
Looking at the
table above, it can be concluded that public transport users are dissatisfied
with the performance of the shadow terminal.
Figure 2 Cartesian diagram of Pasir
Hayam Terminal
INTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION (IFE)
INTERNAL
Table 4 Strength (Strength)
|
No |
Description |
Amount |
Weight |
Ratings |
Score |
|
|
B x
R |
||||||
|
1 |
The condition of the
arrival and departure routes for public transport is still good |
111.00 |
0.08 |
3.70 |
0.29 |
|
|
2 |
Prospective passengers
still find it easy to obtain public transportation |
79.00 |
0.06 |
2.63 |
0.15 |
|
|
3 |
Passengers still feel
helped when using public transportation |
78.00 |
0.06 |
2.60 |
0.14 |
|
|
4 |
Public transport
drivers are more responsive and alert in helping passengers |
77.00 |
0.05 |
2.57 |
0.14 |
|
|
5 |
There are officers
arranging and directing vehicles at the main terminal |
82.00 |
0.06 |
2.73 |
0.16 |
|
|
6 |
There are special
officers who collect fees |
76.00 |
0.05 |
2.53 |
0.14 |
|
|
7 |
Using the main
terminal, traffic flow conditions around are not disturbed |
99.00 |
0.07 |
3.30 |
0.23 |
|
|
8 |
Passengers feel safe from
criminal acts at a higher rate |
94.00 |
0.07 |
3.13 |
0.21 |
|
|
9 |
Inside the main
terminal, transport drivers are friendlier and more polite to prospective
passengers |
85.00 |
0.06 |
2.83 |
0.17 |
|
|
10 |
Inside the main
terminal, Transportation Agency officers are friendlier and more polite to
prospective passengers |
85.00 |
0.06 |
2.83 |
0.17 |
|
|
11 |
Passengers are more
comfortable when getting on and off public transportation |
95.00 |
0.07 |
3.17 |
0.21 |
|
|
Total Strength (Strength) |
961.00 |
0.68 |
2.02 |
|||
|
Table 5 Weaknesses |
||||||
|
No |
Description |
Amount |
Weight |
Ratings |
Score |
|
|
B x R |
||||||
|
1 |
Passenger waiting room
facilities in the main terminal are not well maintained |
67.00 |
0.05 |
2.23 |
0.11 |
|
|
2 |
The cleanliness of
toilets and prayer rooms in the main terminal is poorly maintained |
57.00 |
0.04 |
1.90 |
0.08 |
|
|
3 |
The condition of
trading facilities and restaurants is inadequate and incomplete |
56.00 |
0.04 |
1.87 |
0.07 |
|
|
4 |
Complementary road
buildings and information signs are poorly maintained |
62.00 |
0.04 |
2.07 |
0.09 |
|
|
5 |
passengers feel that
using the main terminal is less practical |
68.00 |
0.05 |
2.27 |
0.11 |
|
|
6 |
The regularity of
transport arrival and departure schedules is unclear |
48.00 |
0.03 |
1.60 |
0.05 |
|
|
7 |
the placement of
information boards regarding transport routes and schedules is not visible to
passengers |
51.00 |
0.04 |
1.70 |
0.06 |
|
|
8 |
Public transport users
do not agree with holding regular rad race activities at the terminal |
33.00 |
0.02 |
1.10 |
0.03 |
|
|
Number of Weaknesses |
442.00 |
0.32 |
0.60 |
|||
|
Number of IFEs |
1,403.00 |
1.00 |
||||
|
Difference (Strength -
Weaknesses) |
1.42 |
|||||
Source:
Analysis, 2024
So the value
for the internal factors of the Pasir Hayam terminal is 1.42 and is then entered into the SWOT
quadrant.
EXTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION (EFE)
EXTERNAL
Table 6 Opportunities
|
No |
Description |
Amount |
Weight |
Ratings |
Score |
|
|||
|
B x
R |
|
||||||||
|
1 |
Unavailability of arrival and departure routes |
41.00 |
0.04 |
1.37 |
0.05 |
|
|||
|
2 |
It does not have waiting room facilities for
prospective passengers |
45.00 |
0.04 |
1.50 |
0.06 |
|
|||
|
3 |
Road equipment and information signs |
34.00 |
0.03 |
1.13 |
0.03 |
|
|||
|
4 |
There is no clarity on the arrival and
departure schedule of transport |
43.00 |
0.04 |
1.43 |
0.05 |
|
|||
|
5 |
Information boards regarding transportation
routes and schedules are not available |
34.00 |
0.03 |
1.13 |
0.03 |
|
|||
|
6 |
in managing and directing vehicles replaced by
brokers |
34.00 |
0.03 |
1.13 |
0.03 |
|
|||
|
7 |
There are no Dishub officers collecting fees |
40.00 |
0.03 |
1.33 |
0.05 |
|
|||
|
8 |
Public transport drivers use the services of
passenger brokers |
40.00 |
0.03 |
1.33 |
0.05 |
|
|||
|
9 |
Traffic flow conditions are disrupted due to
parking of buses and public transportation |
49.00 |
0.04 |
1.63 |
0.07 |
|
|||
|
10 |
Control is often carried out by Transportation
Agency officers and the Police |
53.00 |
0.05 |
1.77 |
0.08 |
|
|||
|
Number of Opportunities |
413.00 |
0.36 |
0.50 |
|
|||||
|
Table 7 Threats |
|||||||||
|
No |
Description |
Amount |
Weight |
Ratings |
Score |
|
|||
|
B x R |
|
||||||||
|
1 |
The cleanliness of toilets and prayer rooms is
well maintained |
75.00 |
0.07 |
2.50 |
0.16 |
|
|||
|
2 |
Complete trading facilities, shops and
restaurants |
91.00 |
0.08 |
3.03 |
0.24 |
|
|||
|
3 |
passengers find it easy to get public
transportation |
87.00 |
0.08 |
2.90 |
0.22 |
|
|||
|
4 |
Passengers feel helped when using public
transportation |
88.00 |
0.08 |
2.93 |
0.22 |
|
|||
|
5 |
The use of shadow terminals is more practical |
99.00 |
0.09 |
3.30 |
0.28 |
|
|||
|
6 |
Public transport drivers are responsive and
alert in helping passengers |
69.00 |
0.06 |
2.30 |
0.14 |
|
|||
|
7 |
passengers feel safe from criminal acts |
77.00 |
0.07 |
2.57 |
0.17 |
|
|||
|
8 |
Public transport drivers are friendly and
polite to prospective passengers |
75.00 |
0.07 |
2.50 |
0.16 |
|
|||
|
9 |
passengers feel comfortable when getting on
and off public transportation |
78.00 |
0.07 |
2.60 |
0.18 |
|
|||
|
Number of Threats (Threats) |
739.00 |
0.64 |
1.78 |
|
|||||
|
Number of EFE |
1,152.00 |
1.00 |
|
||||||
|
Differences (Opportunities - Threats) |
-1.27 |
|
|||||||
Source:
Analysis, 2024
So the value for the external factor of the shadow terminal is -1.27 and
is then entered into the SWOT quadrant.
Figure 3 SWOT diagram
CONCLUSION
From the
results of calculations using both analytical methods, namely the Natural
Science Method and the SWOT Method, as well as the results of field
observations in the two locations that are the focus of the research, the following
conclusions can be drawn: Based on the results of calculations and analysis
using the Natural Science method, comfort and convenience are the main factors
that guide passenger preferences in selecting shadow terminals. Apart from
that, another significant consideration is the availability of clean and
complete dining and toilet facilities. Factors that influence public transport
users' choice of shadow terminals include: ease of getting public transport,
availability of trade facilities, shops and restaurants, readiness,
friendliness and politeness of public transport drivers, as well as clean and
clean toilets and prayer rooms. well maintained.
Based on the
results of the analysis using the IPA method, factors that need to be improved
or improved so that public transport users no longer use shadow terminals are:
increasing the regularity of transport departure schedules, increasing the
availability of information boards related to transport routes and schedules,
improving the condition of toilets and prayer rooms, improving facilities
trade, shops and restaurants, improving road equipment and information signs,
as well as improving the physical condition of passenger waiting areas. Based
on the SWOT analysis, Pasir Hayam
Terminal is classified in quadrant 2, which shows a diversification strategy.
This strategy includes optimizing the strengths of the Pasir
Hayam Terminal, improving existing weaknesses,
exploiting open opportunities, and overcoming threats that may be faced. This
strategy also includes overcoming the weaknesses of the Shadow Terminal as well
as utilizing threats that the Shadow Terminal may face as strengths.�
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