AN ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACT CLASSIFICATION USED
BY THE CHARACTERS IN “ONWARD” MOVIE
STBA Technocrat, Banten, Indonesia
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Abstract |
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Received: |
28-02-2022 |
Introduction: Film is a symbol of real
life portrait. This can be a debatable choice for the subject of
discourse analysis because it resembles real-life conditions. Onward film is
one of the films that depicts the use of English as a dialogue and highlights
speech that conveys the classification of speech acts. Purpose: The
purpose of this study was to investigate the types of speech acts uttered by
the main character. In addition, this study will also investigate the purpose
of characters using speech acts. Methods: This study uses a qualitative research with a pragmatism approach. The
author applies the pragmatism theory developed by Yule (1996) with the types
of speech acts: Declaration; Representative; Instruction; Commissive and Expressive.
Results: The results reveal that; 1) Five speech acts are found in the
film Onward with a total of 14 dialogues; 2) there are several purposes, each
of which is used by the characters, the use of statements is mostly spoken by
the police because only the police have a special role in the Onward Film. Conclusion:
The use of representative speech acts used by the characters is to state what
the speaker believes to be true or not. Directive speech acts are used by
characters to ask someone to do something by ordering, suggesting, ordering,
or asking. Commissive is used by characters to commit themselves to doing
something they will do later. Finally, the use of expressiveness in the film
Onward is to express feelings of pain, pleasure, sadness, and pleasure. |
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Accepted: |
01-03-2022 |
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Published: |
20-03-2022 |
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Keywords: |
speech act, film dialogues, onward film |
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Corresponding
Author: Galuh Fitriana Sakti
E-mail: galuh@stbatechnocrat.ac.id
INTRODUCTION
Humans
communicate for a variety of reasons. We use communication to share
information, comment, express wants and needs, develop social relationships,
etc. One of the prime tools of communication is language. Language is a medium
of communication that helps us express and convey our thoughts, feelings, and
emotions. Through language, people can communicate an expression of giving the
command, expression of order, expression of request, even expression of giving
suggestion.
Language is
used to communicate with each other in order to share ideas, build social
interactions, and influence others to feel, think, and act as he demands. Yule
describes that the message from the speaker can have several interpretations so
the listener should analyze the meaning in the speaker’s utterances in
accordance with particular circumstances rather than interpreting the words in
the utterances (Yule, 2020).
Messages are expressed not only by words but also by behavior. Messages are
intended to communicate and fulfill what the speaker demand from their partner.
The
term speech act became popular when John R. Searle expressed his opinions and
understanding about the speech act in a book titled Speech Acts. Searle defined
the speech act as a theory that examined the meaning of language based on
speech relations with the actions taken by the speaker. According to (Sintamutiani,
Fitriani, & Inayah, 2019)
speech act is an action happening in the world, that is, they bring about a
change in the existing state of fairs stated in (Zumaroh, 2012).
According to (Birner, 2012)
speech act is an action happening in the world, that is, they bring about a
change in the existing state of fairs. Therefore, actions performed through words or utterance
is called a speech act. For example, in movies, characters perform many types
of speech acts. This means when the speaker expresses something called
utterance. People can actually perform actions through words. Speech act has
been used in a movie as part of a conversation or dialogue between the speaker
and the listener. This happens because the main purpose of speech acts is to
speak or talk. Every sentence in the conversation depends on the context and
situation. In addition, the meaning of a sentence is related to any speech act
that has the literal meaning of the sentence.
John Langshaw Austin repeatedly
receives mentions as the one who firstly posited the analysis on speech act.
Since speech acts are verbal actions that occur in the world (Rizki &
Golubović, 2020),
they can bring about changes in existing conditions, even if they are performed
unintentionally. In order for that to happen as well as for the acts to be
recognized one should consider three layers of acts. First, one simply needs an
activity of saying something, which is called the locutionary act (Habiburrahim,
Rahmiati, Muluk, Akmal, & Aziz, 2020).
There are some aspects of the speech act that are discussed in
pragmatic. One of them is illocutionary acts, this was divided into five
categories. Each classification has its own set of characteristics as well as
its own set of circumstances. When examined, the difference is intriguing. Not
only do you pay attention to the words spoken, but also to who said them and
where they were spoken. As
described in (Kissine, 2013),
generally classification system lists five kinds of general functions performed
by speech acts: declarations, representatives, expressives,
directives, and commissives.
Novel and
movie become the option as the project of the analysis. In this research, the
writer is more interested in analyzing speech act classification in the movie
Onward. The location and environment are depicted in the movie in a simple and
visual manner, making the research process easier. Meanwhile, the setting and
environment in a novel are described in prose or words, which may lead to
uncertainty during the research process. It's also easier to analyze when
there's sound in the movie as the dialogue is spoken. This is due to the fact
that the speech act is also dependent on the situation.
In as much as movies become one symbolic representation of
real-life phenomena in that they provide authentic and natural language
practice, they can have a significant influence on the level of learner’s comprehension,
particularly English listening comprehension (Hatakeyama,
2012).
A study of pragmatic
has been performed to scrutinize the speech act phenomena in various fields for
example, magazines, newspaper, collaborative chats, daily conversation and
movie. More precisely there are some previous studies have been conducted by
researchers in analyzing the speech act classification. First, (Tabar & Malek,
2013) conducted a research
on speech act that targeting certain Iranian Turkish Informants. They investigated
the notion of indirectness in speech act of request among native speakers of
Iranian Turkish.
Second a study about speech act analysis was
also conducted differently by (Ghanbaran,
Rahimi, & Rasekh, 2014).
The study investigated the proportion of intensifiers used by Persian speakers
in two speech acts of apology and compliment. Further this study attempted to
examine whether using intensifiers ensures desirable appropriateness of Persian
speakers and to investigate the reasons they use them.
Another
study on speech act was carried out by (Bayat, 2013)
who revealed about determining the strategies of 150 participants who were
continuing their education in the preschool teacher education program regarding
apologizing, complaining, refusing as well as thanking. Bayat
applied the data through short memories analysis that were written by those
participants.
The writer finds something different from those who have
conducted speech act analysis on different perspectives. In its practice,
speech act analysis indeed can be found and analyzed in many types of discourse
media. Movie resembles everyday life conversation and depicts daily actions
that make them seem vivid and deemed as a reflection of real-world phenomena.
Even though the conversations in a movie are intentionally arranged in certain situations,
the interesting fact is that every situation and the way characters talk are
adapted from daily actualities.
Thus the phenomenon of speech act on movie
considered being crucial to be revealed.
Since movies nowadays become one of symbolic representation of real-life
phenomena, they can pedagogically give contribution on the level of learners comprehension especially on analyzing the speech
act classification on the characters portrayed in a movie. Therefore, this
research attempts to reveal speech act phenomena at one paradigm example that
is The Characters In “Onward” Movie.
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
In
conducting this research, the writer uses library research and the approach
that is used by the writer is descriptive qualitative. In addition, the
researcher uses library research because the researcher uses the document to be
analyzed that is in the form of a movie script. (Dawson, 2012)
revealed that qualitative data analysis is a very personal process.
Related to the statement
above, (Creswell &
Poth, 2016) also mentions
that a qualitative approach is an approach that aims to build a knowledge
statement based on constructive or perspective, a perspective participatory.
This result will be defined one by one, with clear explanations. As a
consequence, we know how much moral meaning the film has, but the outcome would
be different from other analyses. Meanwhile according to Bogdan
and Taylor in (Moleong, 2021)
descriptive qualitative research was a research procedure that produces
descriptive data in the form of written words of people or observed behavior.
The object
of this study is Onward an animation movie. Onward is a 2020 American
computer-animated urban fantasy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation
Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The writer focuses on finding the
Classification of speech act on dialogue and the purpose of each character
using speech act. The writer will conduct the sentence from dialogue and will
classify the classification of speech acts found in the movie. After that, the
writer will explain the purpose of the characters in the movie using the speech
act.
The method
of supplying data is by referring to the reading technique with the advanced
technique of note-taking. (Sudaryanto,
2016) states
that the stage of data namely taking notes, selecting, and removing unnecessary
data.
RESEARCH
AND DISCUSSION
There are
two objectives of this research; the first is to describe the Classification of
speech in the movie entitled “Onward”. The second is to know the purpose of
using the Speech Act. Therefore, the analysis of the research is presented as
follows.
1)
The finding speech act classification in
Onward Movie
The section
will explain the results of the analysis classification of speech acts that are
used in the movie. (Yule, 2020) classifies five types of general functions
performed by speech acts. They are declarations, representatives, expressive,
directives, and commissive.
Declaration
According
to (Yule, 2020), declarations are those kinds of speech
acts that change the world via their utterance. A declaration is said to bring
about a change in reality. They have both directions of it, words to world and
world to words. In using declaration, the speaker must have a special
institutional role.
Dialogue 1
Time : 00:48:20 à 00:48:23
Setting : Lonely streets
Participants : Ian, Barley and Police
Situation : Ian and Barley drive fast with their
car
Police :
Step out of the vehicle
Ian :
What are we gonna do?
Barley :
I don’t know
This
conversation took place on a deserted street. Ian and Barley were speeding
through the streets, Then the police stopped them. The words spoken by the
police were categorized as declarations. This point fills the requirements of
the declaration where the speaker must have a special institutional role
Dialogue 2
Time : 01:03:32 à 01:03:39
Setting :
Path of Peril
Participants : Barley, Ian, and Colt
Situation :
Colt tries to take them home because their mom was worried about them
Colt : I’m not letting you upset your mom
anymore. Now you get in the vehicle, I’m
escorting you home.
Barley : No, no way
Colt : I’m
giving you to the count of three
Ian : Okay, we’ll go
This
conversation took a place in Path of peril. Barley and Ian went there to find a
way how to restore his father's body. In the middle of the journey, Colt came
to take them home because the place was very dangerous. Furthermore, their
mother was worried about them.
The
statement from Colt is categorized as a declaration because he has a special
role as police. Based on his utterance colt warn them to follow what he said.
It is said as a declaration because his utterance can change the world.
Representative
(Yule, 2020) described that the members of representative
are said to have points or uses to express belief about something, whether it
is true or not. In using representative, the speaker expresses how something
has become in accordance with what he believes. Examples of representative are
a statement of fact, assertion, conclusion, and description. These sentences
are used to indicate problems such as belief, commitment, conclude, complain,
and boast.
Dialogue 3
Time :
00:22:48 à 00:22:54
Setting :
Bedroom
Participants : Ian and Barley
Situation :
Ian and Barley try to summon their father
Ian :
Well. We’ll just do the spell again
Barley :
You
mean you have to; a person can only do magic if they have the gift, and my
brother has the magic gift.
This
conversation took place in the bedroom when Ian tries to do some magic spells.
Ian recites a magic spell to hope to see his father again. Despite the fact
that he was effective in summoning his father, his body was not fully intact.
Barley was surprised to see what Ian was doing, and he believed that Ian could
do magic.
The
statement from Barley is categorized as representative where the sentence
matches the situation that he sees the magic for the first time. Barley assumes
his brother can do more magic. The sentence also expresses the sincerity
condition of belief, with emphasis on the use of the word belief in the
sentence
Dialogue 4
Time :
00:06:04 à 00:06:09
Setting :
Barley’s house
Participants : Barley and officer Colt
Situation :
Colt sits on Barley’s toys
Barley :
Did
you know in old days, centaurs could run 70 miles an hour?
Colt :
I own a vehicle, don’t need to run
This
conversation happened between Barley and Colt in the living room where Colt
visits Barley’s house. Colt is a centaur (half human-half horse). Barley tells
Colt if centaur in 70 miles an hour. He is the one who really believes it;
therefore, it expressed the sincerity condition of belief.
The
sentence uttered by Barley who tells Colt (the listener) the information is
categorized as representative because it depends on the listener's perspective
whether he believes it or not.
Directive
Based on (Yule, 2020) directives are those kinds of speech acts
in which the utterances are aimed to make the hearer do something. Those
directives express what the speaker wants. They are commanding, ordering,
requesting, suggesting. In another word, directive relates to the speaker’s
intention to ask the hearer to do something.
Dialogue
5
Time :
00:03:51 à 00:03:55
Setting
: Kitchen
Participants : Ian and Laurel
Situation :
Ian wants to take the cake to the fridge
Laurel :
Ah,
hands-off, Mister. Those are for your party tonight
Ian :
It’s not a party mom, It’s just us
This
conversation took place in the kitchen when Ian wants to eat the cake for
breakfast. His mom prevents him not to take the cake. She ordered Ian to wait until
the party begin.
The
sentence uttered by Laurel asked Ian (the listener) to do something to not eat
the cake. So, we can conclude the sincerity condition is suggesting. Ian has to
wait to eat the cake until the party begins at night.
Dialogue
6
Time :
00:09:08 à 00:09:14
Setting
: Classroom
Participants : Ian and Gorgamon
Situation :
Gorgamon put his feet on Iian's
chair
Ian :
Ah,
Gorgamon, would you mind not putting your feet on my
chair today?
Gorgamon :
Sorry dude, got to keep them elevated
Dialogue
between Ian and Gorgamon occurred in the classroom.
When Ian entered the classroom, Ian saw Gorgamon put
his foot on his chair then he ordered Gorgamon to put
his leg away. Dialogue between Ian and Gorgamon is
categorized as a directive. The ordering sentence by Ian is a directive
category that is related to requests.
Dialogue
7
Time :
00:09:49à 00:09:53
Setting
: In the Car
Participants : Ian and Examiner
Situation :
Ian has to pass a driving test
Ian :
Oh, okay. I’m super ready for that
Examiner :
Just
merge into traffic
Ian :
Yep, any minute. Ahh I’m not ready
Examiner :
Pullover
This
conversation took place in the car. Ian has a driving test at the time. Even
though He is not ready to drive in the crowded area, but he has to do it. The
examiner commanded Ian to get into traffic if Ian wants to pass the driving
test.
The
sentence uttered by the examiner who commands Ian to get into traffic is a
directive speech act. The speaker (examiner) asks the listener (Ian) to do
something. The sentence is categorized as a commanding sentence
Dialogue
8
Time :
00:14:56à 00:15:01
Setting
: In the house
Participants : Laurel and Barley
Situation :
Laurel stepped on Barley’s toy
Laurel :
Barley,
keep your soldier off my land or our kingdoms will go to war
Barley :
Sorry, Mom
Dialogue
between Barley and Laurel took place in the house. Laurel accidentally stepped
on Barley’s toy so she gets mad. She ordered Barley to get rid of his toy. In
the conversation above the sentence was used by Laurel is classified as a
directive because she wanted Barley to get rid of his toy. It showed the
sincerity condition of ordering.
Commissive
Commissive
are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some
future action. They express the speaker’s intention. They are promises,
threats, refusals, and pledges, and they can be performed by the speaker alone
or by the speaker as a member of a group. In using a commissive, the speaker
undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker) (Yule, 2020). When people perform commissive, they may
say their speech by using performative verbs such as promise, swear, guarantee,
and vow.
Commissive
is illocutionary acts that the point is to make the speaker commit to taking
action in the future. Commissive have the same direction of fit as directives.
World to words directions of it, where the word or action must be in accordance
with speech. Even though they have the same direction fit. Those who carry out
the action are different.
Dialogue
9
Time :
01:13:13à 01:13:19
Setting
: Path of Peril
Participants : Barley and Colt
Situation :
Barley and Ian wants to find a way how to restore his
father's body
Colt :
You guys… are in trouble, big time.
Barley :
No no no Colt, we found a
spell. If we finish it before sunset, we’ll get to see our father.
The
dialogue above occurred in Path of Peril. Barley and Ian found go to the path
of peril to see their father again. Suddenly, Colt as a
police attempt Barley and Ian to go back because that place seems
dangerous. However, they still believe that they will see their father again.
Barley’s
sentence above contained the intention because it will be done later, not right
now. So, it can be concluded that they commit to taking any action in the
future. It can be said that this sentence is commissive as a pledge action.
Dialogue
10
Time :
00:29:37à 00:29:49
Setting :
Manticore’s Tavant
Participants : Barley, Ian, Manticore
Situation :
Barley and Ian are looking for the Map in Manticore’s Tavant
Manticore : What are you doing? you can’t take
this.
Barley :
We have to.
Ian :
It’s our dad, and we have a chance to meet him, but…
Barley :
We can’t do that without phoenix gem.
Manticore :
No!
My days of sending people on dangerous quests are over.
This
conversation took place in Manticore’s tavern. Barley and Ian are seeking the
map that can lead them to find the phoenix gem. They have to gain the phoenix
gem because they want to restore their father’s body.
Manticore’s
sentence above contained the intention to refuse to give the map to them. She
commits to doing it because that place is so dangerous. In the conversation
above Manticore as the speaker did not help them because she has considered
everything if they would go to that place. It can be concluded that the
sentence of rejection from Manticore is a commissive as refusal action.
Dialogue
11
Time :
00:41:39 à 00:41:44
Setting
: Supermarket
Participants : Buyer and a gang of fairies
Situation :
A buyer accidentally bumps into one of the fairies’ member
Fairy : Hey! Did you just bump into me?
Buyer : Oh, I’m terribly sorry, I didn’t see you
there
Fairy : Do it again, you’ll see me in your
nightmares
The
dialogue occurred in the supermarket; a group of fairies who look like
gangsters stops by the shop to pillage the stuff in the shop. Because the
fairy's body is so tiny, a buyer who came out of the door bumped the fairy by
accident. because of his actions, the fairy was angry and he gave a threat to
someone who had bumped into him.
Fairy’s
sentence as speak contains the intention that if the buyer does it again, he
would get a nightmare from the fairy. Based on fairy’s sentence it can be
concluded that the sentence is kind of commissive as a type of threat.
Expressive
Based on (Yule, 2020), expressive are those kinds of speech acts
that state what the speaker feels. It expresses the psychological states and it
can be the statement of pleasure, pain, joy, sorrow, like and dislike such as
thanks, apologies, appreciates, compliments, etc. Expressive is an
illocutionary act that the point is to express feelings. In performing an
expressive, the speaker is neither trying to get the world to match the words
nor the words to match the world, rather the truth of an expressed proposition.
Dialogue
12
Time :
00:07:30à 00:07:38
Setting
: Cafeteria
Participants : Ian and half-elf
Situation :
Ian is going to buy a meal for breakfast and suddenly they come across
Half-elf : Boy, I was so sorry to hear that
he passed away
Ian : Yeah, Thanks
Half-elf :
You know, your dad was a great gay, he is so confident.
This conversation happened between Ian and half-elf. He knows
Ian’s father because they were in the same school when they were young.
Half-elf as speaker feels sorry for the death of Ian’s father. Ian as a listener
responds to his feeling to him by saying “okay, thanks”, Ian wants to show his
gratitude to him. It can be concluded that the sentences above contained
expressive feelings.
Dialogue 13
Time :
01:29:01à 01:29:13
Setting
: Wide field
Participants : Ian and Barley
Situation :
Barley wants to give last words from their father to Ian
Ian :
What did he say?
Barley :
He said he always thought his wizard’s name would be Wilden the Whimsical.
Ian :
Wow,
that’s really terrible
The
dialogue took place in wide-field, after finished beating the monster their
father's body returned to normal even only for a moment. Father gave his last
words to barley before his body disappear after that Barley convey them to Ian.
They were talking about proper names for a wizard. Ian as the speaker express
his thought when he hears a weird name. Ian’s sentence contained expressive
about dislike. Ian seems doesn’t like the name of his father.
Dialogue
14
Time :
00:42:14à 00:42:19
Setting
: minimarket
Participants : Barley and Ian
Situation :
Barley and Ian buy some snacks in minimarket
Ian : What are you doing?
Barley : I’m getting us food
Ian : And a couple of these. Thank you
Cashier : That will be 12.99
This
conversation took place in the minimarket. At the first, they just stop to
refuel gas in gas stations and they see minimarket across from gas stations.
They decided to buy snacks and go to the bathroom inside the minimarket.
Statement of thank you were categorized as expressive because it is considered
as an expression of thank from Ian. In performing expressive, Ian neither tries
to match his words with the situation nor match the situation with his words.
Dialogue
15
Time :
00:28:49à 00:28:54
Setting
:
Manticore’s Tavern
Participants : Barley and Manticore
Situation :
Barley is praising Manticore
Barley :
Oh, great and powerful Manticore
Manticore : Whoa Sir. You’re right in the hot zone
The
dialogue took place in Manticore’s tavern, Barley and his brother go there to
meet the Manticore, as they are looking for a map to guide them to meet his
father again. Barley expresses his thought and praise to the manticore when he
sees Manticore for the first time. Barley’s sentences contained the expressive
speech act as compliments.
2)
The purpose of using speech act
The writer has defined the types of
classification speech acts that can be found in each character's dialogue in
the first section. The writer will illustrate the purpose of using speech acts
by the characters in the movie in the second chapter. This explanation will be
based on Yule's classification of the Speech Act.
Declarations
Declarations are kinds of speech acts that change the world
via utterances. The speaker has to have a special institutional role, in a
specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately. In other
words, declarations can affect the changes of institutional role. In this case,
the speaker changes the world via words.
In dialogue 1, the scene took a place in a lonely street.
Barley and Ian drove his car so quickly because they were chased by a group of
gangsters, but the police saw and chased them because they make some trouble in
the road. Police have a special role; therefore, the purpose of the police used
the declaration sentence to tell them to get out of the vehicle because the
police want to check if the driver has a driver’s license or not. His utterance
can change reality.
In dialogue 2 the scene took a place in Path of Peril. The application of declaration is used by
Colt. Colt is also a policeman; the declaration sentence was performed by Colt
to ask Barley and Ian to go back to their house. As a person who has a special
role and always protects society, Colt intends to take them home because that
place is dangerous. Colt sentence above indicates a declaration.
Representative
Representatives are speech acts that bind the speaker to the
reality of the statement being expressed. The speaker's utterances are based on
his or her observations of certain objects, accompanied by a statement of fact
or opinion based on the observation. When someone says "she is
beautiful," the speaker may be stating a fact or simply expressing his or
her personal opinion about a person's physical appearance. It also expresses
whether the speaker considers anything to be true or not. Statements of fact,
assertions, conclusions, and descriptions are all examples of the speaker
representing the world as he or she believes it is.
There is a statement that contains representative in dialogue
3. The representative was performed by Barley. Barley believes that his brother
can do a magic thing, actually, he wasn’t sure about magic still exist or but
after he saw his brother do a magic spell, he believes his brother could be a
witch. From this situation, it can be concluded that Barley’s purpose uses
representative to express his belief and also to convince his brother that his
brother can do magic.
In dialogue 4, the speaker uses representative still with the
same person. Barley is a very imaginative person; he likes things related to
fantasy. He always believes in a story that he never heard or read. Based on
the fantasy book that he read, the centaurs could run 70 miles an hour. So, he
asks Colt who is a centaur if he could do the same thing with the centaur that
he read in a storybook. The purpose of the sentence is to tell what he believes
from the book that he read in a storybook.
Directive
Directives express the speaker’s wish that the hearer does
such a thing and are uttered with the presumption that the hearer is under some
obligation to do something after hearing what the speakers say. The directive
is spoken by the speaker, the listener has the right to choose to accept or
reject it. It means that the audience's response to what has been spoken by the
speaker can be rejected or accepted. The utterances that can be included in
directives acts are commands, warnings, requests, suggestions, and they can be
positive or negative.
In dialogue 5 the conversation took a place in the kitchen.
Laurel as a mother uses directives to her son, Ian. The condition is that they
will celebrate Ian’s birthday tonight, and Laurel asks Ian to invite all of his
friends to come to his party, but in the morning, Ian wants to eat those cakes.
Laurel swiftly prohibited Ian to not taking the cake until tonight. The purpose
of the sentence is to prohibit Barley not to eat the cake by making someone do
something by suggestion.
In dialogue 6 the purpose of the sentence is to make someone
do something by request. The scene took place in the classroom where Ian came
late to arrive in his classroom. When Ian wants to sit in his chair, Ian saw
his friend put his feet on his chair. The purpose of the directive sentence by
Ian to his friend is to ask him to put his feet away from Ian’s chair.
In dialogue 7, the scene took a place in the car where Ian
takes his driving test. In the beginning, Ian isn’t ready to take his driving
test when they are entering the crowded road the examiner uses directive
sentences to Ian. She ordered Ian to merge into traffic if he wants to pass the
test. But Ian is still afraid to drive in a crowded area. So, the examiner asks
Ian to pull over the road. The purpose of a directive that the examiner uses is
to ask Ian to merge the car in the traffic if he wants to pass the driving
class.
In dialogue 8 the scene took a place in the house where Laurel
as the speaker uses directives to Barley. Laurel accidentally stepped on the
toy. She realizes that it is Barley’s toy. She asks him to keep his toy and put
it in the right place. The purpose of Laurel’s sentence is to make Barley get
rid of his toys and put the toys in his bedroom.
Commissives
Commissive are those kinds of speech acts that the speakers
use to commit themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker
intends. They are promises, threats, and pledges. In other words, commissive
are dealing with commitment. In this case, the speaker makes his words fit the
world of intention.
In dialogue 9, the scene took place in Path of Peril where
Barley and Ian want to find a way how to restore his father’s body. Colt chased
them and asked them to come back because the place was dangerous. But Barley
him if she finds a spell who can restore his father’s body. He promises that
they can meet his father again. The sentence was categorized as commissive, the
purpose of the sentence is to promise to Colt if they can see their father
someday.
In dialogue 10 the scene took place in the Manticore’s tavern.
Ian and Barley are looking for the map in Manticore’s tavern. They know that
the map will give them the way how to get the phoenix gem. Because the phoenix
gem is one of the things needed to restore his father's body, but Manticore
didn't give them the map because the place was very dangerous. She knew that
the place had lots of traps and was not easy to pass. Based on Manticore’s
sentence, the purpose that she uses is commissive because she does not want to
give any help to Barley and Ian.
In dialogue 11, the scene took place in the house. When Ian
turns 18 years old, his mom gives some relics from their father. Inside the
relic, there is a letter and a magic wand from their father. After reading the
letter Barley assumed that they might be able to see their father again. Based
on Barley’s sentence, the purpose of the sentence is to commit to if they can
know the magic spell their father will be back again.
Expressive
Expressive are those kinds of speech acts that state what the
speaker feels. It expresses the psychological states and it can be the
statement of pleasure, pain, joy, sorrow, like and dislike such as thanks,
apologies, appreciates, compliments, etc.
In dialogue 12, the conversation happened between Ian and
half-elf. The conversation took place in the cafeteria. When Ian is waiting for
his food, he sits next to the half-elf because they are of the same race. That
man heard about the news that happened to Ian’s father. He expressed his
condolences to Ian. The purpose of using expressive is to express the
condolences by hearing the news about Ian's father’s death.
In dialogue 13, The conversation happened between Ian and
Barley, Ian sees his father talk to Barley for a while before his father
disappears. Ian wants to know what they were talking about, Barley said that
their father reveals his wizard’s name. Ian responded he seems he does not
really like it. The purpose of using expressive to express the dislike about
the wizard’s name given by their father.
In dialogue 14. The conversation took place in minimarket,
they want to buy some snacks. Ian as a speaker using expressive to express his
gratitude, because they buy some snacks and they got good service from the
cashier. The purpose of the sentence is to give some gratitude of thanks
because the cashier gives them a good service.
In dialogue 15. The conversation took place in Manticore’s
tavern. Barley and his brother try to look for a way how to restore their
father’s body. They have to meet Manticore because she has a map that could
guide them to meet their father again. The purpose of expressive from Barley is
to praise Manticore so that she might give him a map that they are looking for.
CONCLUSION
As a result
of this analysis for the first problem formulation, the writer found out all
speech act classification based on Yule theory, namely declaration,
representative, directive, commissive, and expressive was found in the Onward
movie. There are 14 dialogues that the writer attaches in chapter IV and all
the classifications of speech acts are found in the movie.
In using
speech act, there is some respective purpose that used by the characters, the
use of declaration most of them uttered by the police because there are only
police who have a special role in Onward Movie. The use of representative
speech act that is used by the characters is to state what the speaker believes
to be true or not. The use of directive by the characters is to ask someone to
do something by commanding, suggesting, ordering, or requesting, the writer
found all types of directive speech acts that uttered by the characters. With
the use of commissive, the characters aim to commit themselves to do something
they will do later. The use of expressive in Onward’s
movie is to express a feeling of pain, joy, sorrow, and pleasure.
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